Enhancing the Use of Vehicle Alcohol Interlocks With Emerging Technology
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Exposure of the developing embryo and fetus to alcohol can have profound adverse effects on physical, behavioral, and cognitive development. The resulting deficits collectively have been termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). They range in severity from mild cognitive deficits to a well-defined syndrome (i.e., fetal alcohol syndrome [FAS]), which is broadly characterized by low birth...
Mobile Delivery of Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders: A Review of the Literature
Ecological Momentary Assessment and Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment
Identifying Gene Networks Underlying the Neurobiology of Ethanol and Alcoholism
The multiple genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that play a role in the development of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) make it difficult to identify individual genes linked to these disorders. Nevertheless, some genetic risk factors (i.e., specific variants) associated with AUDs have been identified within many genes, some of which code for proteins involved in known biological pathways...
Binge Drinking’s Effects on the Developing Brain—Animal Models
Adolescence typically is a time of experimentation and emulation of adult behaviors, and many adolescents initiate alcohol and other drug (AOD) use during this developmental period. Brain development continues during adolescence, which could render the adolescent brain particularly vulnerable to alcohol’s effects. Consequently, adolescent alcohol exposure could result in long-lasting changes in...
Discovering Genes Involved in Alcohol Dependence and Other Alcohol Responses
A host of biological (i.e., genetic) and environmental factors interact throughout the addictive process to influence alcohol use and abuse. These processes are accompanied by a number of behavioral and neural events that include, but are not limited to, changes in the motivational effects of ethanol (both rewarding and aversive), tolerance to some effects of ethanol, and withdrawal when ethanol...
Assessing the Genetic Risk for Alcohol Use Disorders
According to the World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/alcohol/en/index.html), each year alcohol causes 2.5 million (3.8 percent of total) deaths and 69.4 million (4.5 percent of total) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost to disease worldwide. Alcohol dependence (alcoholism) also is a major health problem in the United States, affecting 4 to 5 percent of the...
The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Alcohol Effects on the Composition of Intestinal Microbiota
It has been estimated that approximately 2 billion people worldwide drink alcohol on a daily basis, with more than 70 million people having a diagnosed alcohol use disorder (World Health Organization 2004). Globally, alcohol use is the fifth leading risk factor for premature death and disability among people between the ages of 15 and 49 (Lim et al. 2012). Excessive alcohol consumption in the...